Parallel stochastic methods for exploring randomness in solar cell designs

II. Extreme design complexity and computational challenges: Next generation solar cells employs disordered surface consisting of patterns of structural elements at nano-scales to enhance light absorption significantly over the broadband spectrum of sun lights. Experiments and simulations (Fig. 1) show that patterns with deterministic disorder outperform completely random and periodic structures [1][2][3]. The challenge is to find the optimal pattern efficiently with exascale computing technologies and algorithms.